International Journal of Human Resource Management
, 2020
SSCIABDC-A
Abstract
What would employees do if their coworkers move upwardly to other organizations? In the era of boundaryless career, voluntary turnover is more prevalent than ever before. Effects of coworkers’ voluntary turnover on employees’ turnover are attracting attention in human resource management. However, this stream of research has generated mixed findings showing both positive and negative effects on focal employees’ turnover, and scholars still know little about the specific mechanism through which the effects occur. This study takes the first step to reconcile the mixed findings and unfold the black box of the effects. Specifically, we argue that the mobility direction of coworkers’ turnover should not be overlooked by previous research, and we propose that coworkers’ upward mobility plays an indispensable role in predicting employees’ turnover intention. Based on social comparison theory, we hypothesize that coworkers’ upward mobility positively relates to focal employees’ turnover intention through focal employees’ perception of employability. Furthermore, we propose prior job similarity as a contingency that activates the relationship mentioned above, such that the mediation effect is stronger with higher prior job similarity. Our hypotheses were tested and fully supported by two-wave data from a sample of 369 employees in China. Lastly, theoretical and practical implications are discussed along with possible limitations and directions for future turnover research.
This case describes the bribery accusations and subsequent investigation at the Chinese subsidiary of a U.S. public-listed Fortune 500 company, disguised as "Voles System"(hereafter, Voles). The primary purpose of the case is to illustrate the internal corporate governance challenges of developed-market multinational companies (MNCs) operating in emerging markets where the institutional context is significantly different and where under-developed institutions increase the uncertainty and risk of doing business in these markets. This case stands out in the management education field, as it fills a gap where there are very few teaching cases discussing the dark side of international business in an emerging market.
After a brief introduction of the company's background (its history, strategy, organizational structure, culture, and corporate governance structure), the case describes a series of two anonymous internal "whistleblower" allegations that the Mainland China business unit (BU) had been bribing Chinese officials to win contracts. In response to these internal reports, the Legal Department conducted two investigations in late 2015 and 2016, respectively, but neither found concrete evidence of bribery, and the allegations could not be substantiated.
A third report was subsequently made to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) in April 2017. The DOJ placed Voles under formal investigation. While the investigation found that there was no concrete evidence of bribery of Chinese officials, several managers and staff of Voles's Mainland China BU had established a slush fund and related business entities to "entertain" senior managers of its key customers in China. The DOJ’s investigation came at a great financial cost and hurt the company's reputation in the oil and gas industry. This case ends with multiple questions facing Voles and many MNCs operating in emerging markets: how did Voles fail to prevent such management malfeasance even after implementing industry best practices for corporate governance? What are some short-term measures to address the situation in the Mainland China BU as revealed by DOJ's investigation? What are the long-term measures to implement to prevent such corporate governance failures from happening again in fast-growing emerging markets?
伦理型领导对团队绩效的影响是学术界和企业界共同关注的一个热点问题。以往研究基本上都是运用社会交换理论来解释这种影响，对社会交换所必需的认知和情境因素则重视不足。通过构建一个有调节的中介模型，探究圃队过程中基于信任视角的中介机制和基于价值观一致的调节机制，实证数据表明：伦理型领导正向影响团队绩效，员工对领导的信任在其中发挥完全中介作用；同时，道德认同对这一关系起调节作用，团队的道德认同水平越高，伦理型领导（经由员工对领导信任）对团队绩效的间接作用越强。
Team work mode creates more achievements than individual mode in today＇s enterprises and thus becomes ever more popular. However, ethical crisis in the team, once emerges, will significantly affect group outcome. The leader contributes to the team＇s morality so much that ethical leadership has become an important research subject these years. To make clear how much an ethical leadership would affect on the group performance seems both theoretically and practically meaningful. Previous studies usually use social exchange theory to explain the interaction between an ethical leader and his team members. Two shortcomings commonly exist in such researches. First, they mostly focus on the behavior mechanism rather than the cognition mechanism, leading to the neglect over the analysis on and digging into the trust mechanism. Second, they neglected the necessary situational condition in the social exchange process, i. e. , only when the two parties follow the same moral protocols will they be able to follow the mutual favored rules required by the social exchanges. To solve these problems, this research constructs a theoretical model and conducts empirical studies in respects of the mediation mechanism and the marginal conditions of an ethical leader＇s influences on group performances. We firstly, based on four possible explanations, hypothesize that ethical leadership enhances group task performance. Secondly, we reveal the mediation mechanism by introducing trust perspective. According to social exchange theory, reciprocity will happen in a mature social exchange relationship, whereas mutual trust is the key to ensure that such responsibility will be fulfilled. On one hand, ethical leaders have behavioral consistency with his words and benevolence toward others. These characters will affect team members＇ trust towards ethical leaders. On the other hand, trust towards leaders will enhance interpersonal interaction within team and improve employees＇ working attitude, and ultimately improve team performance.
