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Research Summary Activist hedge funds are the new breed of corporate raiders, yet we know little about how the management and board of target firms respond to activist investors. Using a behavioral perspective, we propose that an activist's reputation for being confrontational conveys information to the target company as to what they are likely to encounter in an activist campaign. To avoid the potential adverse consequences of engaging in such a contest, we propose and find that target companies are more likely to settle with an activist known for being confrontational. Our study contributes to corporate governance research by providing insight into the importance of the social context surrounding activist campaigns and the role of reputation in influencing how companies respond to activist investors. Managerial Summary Given that hedge fund activism is having a major impact on firm's strategic and financial decision-making, it is important to understand how these activist investors influence companies. An activist campaign is a highly disruptive event leading to considerable ambiguity and uncertainty as to what is likely to transpire. Given this information void, our study finds that the board and management respond based on the reputation of the activist investor that has taken a stake in the company. That activist investors with a reputation for being hostile are more successful may be a defensive response on the part of management in order to avoid the potential adverse consequences of a hostile campaign. This has implications for corporate governance and the fiduciary duty of the board. Keywords

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activist hedge funds ;  corporate governance ;  executive decision-making ;  market signaling ;  reputation

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Despite their prevalence and significance, competitive wars have received limited attention from the strategy literature. Our knowledge of how inter-organizational linkages influence competitive wars is particularly lacking. Drawing on the social embeddedness perspective, we argue that both direct linkages (i.e., strategic alliances) and indirect linkages (i.e., common ownership ties and common analyst ties) reduce the likelihood of war, thereby functioning as the glue that binds firms together. Yet once competitive wars are launched in related markets, indirect linkages through common third parties may continuously function as glue, reducing the likelihood of war spillover, whereas direct linkages, such as strategic alliances, may facilitate the spillover of competitive wars, akin to adding gasoline to a fire. Using data from the U.S. domestic airline industry between 1991 and 2010, our empirical evidence offers strong support for our predictions.

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Competitive Strategy ;  Competitive dynamics ;  Topic Areas ;  Strategic Management

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Purpose This study aims to answer two unique related questions on the overarching relationship between a CEO's personal religious affiliation, the firm's advertising spending decision and its shareholder value. First, does the CEO's religious affiliation, a proxy for risk taking, influence the firm's advertising spending decision? Second, does the advertising spending decision mediate the relationship between the CEO's religious affiliation and the firm's shareholder value? Design/methodology/approach This study uses data on the religious affiliations of CEOs of publicly listed US firms, 1992-2014, from Marquis Who's Who; advertising spending and shareholder value from Compustat, and panel data-based regression models including CEO characteristics from ExecuComp, and firm-, industry- and time-based controls. Findings We find higher advertising spending levels for Protestant over Catholic-led firms, and advertising spending mediates the relationship between a CEO's religious affiliation and the firm's shareholder value. Research limitations/implications Marketing theory needs to incorporate the missing but fundamental effect of the CEO's religious affiliation-based values on decisions and outcomes. Practical implications Boards of Directors may need to align the CEO's and their firm's spending goals. Originality/value While previous studies focused on the influence of religious affiliation on consumers' attitudes and behavior, and executives' financial and R&D spending decisions, this study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first to investigate the effect of a CEO's religious affiliation on the firm's advertising spending decision and its shareholder value.

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Advertising spending ;  CEO religion ;  Risk taking ;  Shareholder value

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本案例讲述了私募基金分析师杨成在2018年2月15日的时间节点，整理投资分析报告，向投资经理推荐来年的通信行业投资机会。杨成将5G作为主推的板块——5G的技术变革将催生更多颠覆性应用，中国已将5G产业上升到国家战略层面。但当前5G行业投资存在很多不确定因素：一、5G标准尚未确定，世界各国都在积极研发5G核心技术，争取占据先机；如果标准押错，容易满盘皆输。二、通信行业周期明显，当前正处在4G基建高峰已过，5G启动尚早的寒冬期，过早投资可能会面对企业业绩兑现不及时的风险。三、5G对于各国而言都是涉及国家安全的战略级技术，在国际政治局势充满变化的环境下，中兴通讯等通信公司可能存在被国外市场禁入的风险。此时，如果你是杨成，是否应该推荐中国5G产业板块和中兴通讯给基金的投资经理？为什么？如果投资的话，应该如何应对上述风险？

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5G ;  产业投资 ;  企业投资 ;  投资决策 ;  通信行业

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改革开放短短40年，深圳GDP增长超过了1万倍。深圳产业转型和创新贯穿在深圳40年的发展历程中，华强北则是深圳产业发展与转型的缩影。40年前，华强北街道是深圳一条再普通不过的街；在中国改革开放的浪潮下，华强北从平地崛起，逐渐发展成为世界闻名的“中国电子第一街”。 华强北是如何探索和发展起来的呢？在发展过程中，华强北经历了几次产业升级和市场转型？然而，“盛极必衰”，曾经因“山寨手机”迎来爆发式增长的华强北，在电子商务、移动互联网技术迅速发展的情况下迅速面临困境，华强北应该如何应对新的挑战并找到新的业绩增长点呢？

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产业发展 ;  产业转型 ;  产业集群 ;  区域经济 ;  电子行业 ;  线下商城

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本案例描述了游戏产品经理高寒通过攻读MBA,进行第二次职业选择，转型做风险投资人的过程，以及在新的工作岗位上，高寒如何快速学习、适应新的工作。高寒的经历对于MBA学生而言有很好的借鉴作用，学生通过案例可以更好地了解应该如何进行早期的职业转型和选择，地域和工作的灵活性对职业发展的影响。本案例还详细描述了高寒在风险投资行业所从事的工作，学生可以通过案例进一步了解风险投资人是如何寻找项目、做价值判断、投出项目、并做投后服务的。对计划转型做风险投资的MBA学生的职业发展路径有具体的指导意义。

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MBA教育 ;  智能家居 ;  职业发展 ;  职业转型 ;  风险投资

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It has been recognized that previous experiences can provide different types of feedback. However, it has not been systematically explored why firms are more likely to learn effectively from certain types of experience than others. From a feedback-based learning perspective, we argue that it is useful not only to focus on feedback valence (success or failure experiences) but also to examine feedback saliency (the magnitude of the experience’s influence). Based on a sample of acquisitions by U.S. firms, our results indicate that a firm’s success experience drives up the premium that it pays for a subsequent acquisition, whereas a failure experience reduces this subsequent premium. Moreover, we find that the magnitude of the effects of the four types of experiences—small failure, big failure, small success, and big success—does not follow a symmetrical pattern of inverse effects.

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acquisition experience ;  acquisition premium ;  feedback-based learning ;  feedback saliency ;  feedback valence

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从战略学视角,什么样的企业才能在商业创新中成为胜者呢?1987年,哈佛商学院及加州大学伯克利分校的几位教授曾做过一个研究:研究20世纪80年代及之前美国创新领域成功与失败企业的特征。教授们通过管理学界的2×2矩阵发现,商业的成功和失败跟是不是产品和技术鹽创者或模仿者并无关系。

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创新领域 战略学

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This study investigates the role of self-enforced and third party-enforced interorganizational relationships (IORs) in influencing the spillover of price wars. Unlike previous research that emphasized economic factors (e.g., demand fluctuations and firm financial health) that precipitate price wars, this study underscores the relational aspect of price wars. Specifically, we argue that although self-enforced and third party-enforced relationships among competitors may both reduce the likelihood of price wars; once a war has started, third-party- enforced relationships will reduce the likelihood that a price war will spread into additional markets, while self-enforced relationships will increase the likelihood of such spillover. Using data from the United States (US) domestic airline industry from 1992 to 2010, our empirical evidence offers strong support for our predictions. By signifying the importance of IORs in the spillover of price wars, we hope to contribute to research on interorganizational relationships, as well as research on competition.

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